Gelatin capsules are primarily made from gelatin, which is derived from animal collagen—usually from the bones, skin, and connective tissues of cows (bovine) or pigs (porcine). These capsules may also contain water, colorants, plasticizers like glycerin or sorbitol (to maintain flexibility), and sometimes preservatives or flavorings.
Main Ingredients in Gelatin Capsules
1. Gelatin
Sourced from animal collagen, gelatin gives the capsule its structure and smooth, digestible shell. It comes in two main types:
- Hard gelatin: used for dry powder or pellet filling.
- Soft gelatin: used for oils or liquid-based contents.
2. Water
Water is used to hydrate the gelatin and control the flexibility of the capsule shell.
3. Plasticizers
Common plasticizers include glycerin and sorbitol, which keep the capsule flexible and prevent brittleness.
4. Colorants and Opacifiers (optional)
These give the capsules their specific colors for branding or identification. Titanium dioxide is commonly used as a white pigment.
5. Preservatives (optional)
Preservatives may be added to extend shelf life or improve microbial resistance.
Material Composition of Hard and Soft Gelatin Capsules
1. Hard Gelatin Capsules
Main Ingredients:
- Gelatin (80–85%)
- Water (13–15%)
- Colorants/Opacifiers (optional)
Key Features:
- Two-piece shell (cap and body)
- Typically used for powders, pellets, or granules
- No or minimal plasticizers
2. Soft Gelatin Capsules (Softgels)
Main Ingredients:
- Gelatin (40–50%)
- Plasticizers (20–30%) – usually glycerin or sorbitol
- Water (20–30%)
- Colorants/Opacifiers/Flavorings (optional)
Key Features:
One-piece, hermetically sealed shell
Ideal for liquids, oils, or pastes
More flexible and elastic than hard capsules due to higher plasticizer content
Alternative: Vegetarian Capsules
For consumers avoiding animal-based products, vegetarian or vegan capsules are available. These are made from:
- HPMC (Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose) – Plant cellulose
- Pullulan – Fermented tapioca starch
- Starch blends – Derived from potatoes or corn
Related FAQs
1. Are gelatin capsules safe to consume?
Yes, they are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by regulatory authorities and widely used in pharmaceuticals and supplements.
2. Can vegetarians or vegans take gelatin capsules?
No—unless specified otherwise, gelatin capsules are animal-derived. Vegans should look for HPMC or pullulan-based capsules.
3. Do gelatin capsules dissolve in the stomach?
Yes, they dissolve quickly in gastric fluids, usually within a few minutes.
4. Are there risks of allergens in gelatin capsules?
While rare, some individuals may be sensitive to animal-derived ingredients. Always check the source and allergen labeling.
5. What’s the difference between hard and soft gelatin capsules?
- Hard capsules: 2-piece shell, typically filled with dry powders or granules.
- Softgel capsules: 1-piece shell, used for oils and liquids.
Summary
Gelatin capsules are made from animal-derived gelatin, water, and plasticizers like glycerin. They're ideal for delivering various pharmaceutical or nutraceutical ingredients. However, plant-based alternatives exist for those with dietary or religious restrictions. The material composition differs between hard capsules (more rigid, powder-fill) and softgel capsules (more flexible, liquid-fill).
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